To investigate the effects of peripheral blood T cell subsets on the clinical efficacy of esomeprazole quadruple program in the treatment of gastric ulcer, 86cases with gastric ulcer were recruited from June 2014 to November 2016 in the First People’s Hospital of Guangyuan. The changes of T lymphocyte subsets CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ were measured by flow cytometry. The patients were divided into high/low CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ groups according to the median values of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺, respectively. The clinical efficacy of esomeprazole quadruple program on gastric ulcer were compared among different CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ levels groups. Our results showed that the overall effective rate of low CD4⁺ group was 79.07%, which was significantly lower than that in the high CD4⁺ group (95.35%)(χ²=5.108, P=0.024). The overall effective rate of low CD8⁺ group was 97.67%, which was significantly higher than that of high CD8⁺ group (81.39%)(χ²=6.081, P=0.014). In addition, pain, burning sensation, nausea and vomiting, belching and abdominal distension scores of the high CD4⁺ group were significantly lower than those in the low CD4⁺ group (P < 0.05). In contrary, the corresponding scores in the high CD8⁺ group were significantly lower than those of the low CD8⁺ group (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that esomeprazole quadruple program treatment may be more effective in patients with higher CD4⁺ level or lower level of CD8⁺.