The human immune system includes innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immune cells recognize dangerous endogenous and exogenous antigens through PRR. PRR include TLR, NOD-like receptors (NLR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLR), etc. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome belongs to the NLR family and as the core of inflammatory response, it is closely related to the occurrence and development of many malignant tumors, including multiple hematological tumors. This article reviews the latest research progress on the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome and lymphoma, leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and multiple myeloma.